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宾语从句
名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1. 由连接词 that 引导的宾语从句
由连接词 that 引导宾语从句时, that 在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时 , 第二个分句前的 that 不可省
注意:在 demand 、 order 、 suggest 、 decide 、 insist, desire, request, command 等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“( should ) + 动词原形”。
2. 用 who , whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever,whichever 等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。
3. 用 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外, whether 与 if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用 whether ,不用 if :
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;
b. 引导表语从句时;
c. 引导从句作介词宾语时;
d. 从句后有“ or not ”时;
e. 后接动词不定式时。
4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用不同时态。
当主句动词是过去时态( could, would 除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。
5. think, believe, imagine, suppose 等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。
引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
连词: that (无任何词意)
whether,if (均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性)
as if ,as though (均表示“好像”,“似乎”)
以上在从句中均不充当任何成分
连接代词: what, whatever, who, whoever, whom,whose, which.whichever,whomever
连接副词: when, where, how, why
不可省略的连词:
1. 介词后的连词
2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。
That she was chosen made us very happy.
We heard the news that our team had won.
比较:
whether 与 if 均为”是否”的意思。 但在下列情况下,whether 不能被 if 取代:
1. whether 引导主语从句并在句首
2. 引导表语从句
3. whether 从句作介词宾语
4. 从句后有” or not ”
Whether he will come is not clear.
大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it 充当形式主语。
常用短语
Don‘t be silly.(别胡闹了。)
How strong are your glasses?(你近视多少度?)
Just because.(没有别的原因。)
It isn’t the way I hoped it would be.(这不是我所盼望的。)
You will never guess.(你永远猜不到。)
No one could do anything about it.(众人对此束手无措。)
I saw something deeply disturbing.(深感事情不妙。)
Money is a good servant but a bad master.(要做金钱的主人,莫做金钱的奴隶。)
I am not available.(我正忙着)
Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.(脑中的知识比手中的金钱更重要)
Never say die,it is a piece of cake.别泄气,那只是小菜一碟。
Don’t worry.you’ll get use to it soon.别担心,很快你就会习惯的。
I konw how you feel.我明白你的感受。
You win some,you lose some.胜败乃兵家常事。
Don’t bury your head in the sand.不要逃避现实。
I didn’t expect you to such a good job.我没想到你干得这么好。
You are coming alone well.你做得挺顺利。
She is well-build.她的身材真棒。
You look neat and fresh.你看起来很清纯。
You have a beautiful personality.你的气质很好。
You flatter me immensely.你过奖啦。
You should beslow to judge others.你不应该随意评论别人。
I hope you will excuseme if I make any mistake.如有任何错误,请你原谅
It was most careless of me.我太粗心了。
It was quite by accident.真是始料不及。
过渡性连接词
1) 表强调:
still,indeed,of course,after all,above all,surely,certainly,undoubtedly,in any case,anyway,in fact,especially,obviously,clearly
2) 表比较
like,unlike,similarly,in the same way,equally,similar to
3) 表对比
By contrast,on the contrary,while.,whereas,on the other hand,unlike,instead,but,different from,however,otherwise,yet,the former…the latter,once…now,some…other,years ago…today
4) 表列举
For one thing…and for another,like
5) 表举例
For example,for instance,such as,take…for example,except for
6) 表时间
Later,next,then,finally,at last,eventually,meanwhile,from now on,from then on,at the same time,for the time being,in the end,immediately,in the meantime,in the meanwhile,recently,soon,now and then,during,nowadays,since,lately,afterwards,temporarily,earlier,now,after a while,when,while,before,after,until,as soon as,then,suddenly,in a few days,in recent years,early this morning/year/century,all of sudden,the moment
7) 表顺序
First,second,third,firstly,secondly,thirdly,to begin with,first of all,in the first place,last,finally,eventually,in the end,at last,next,above all,first and most important,meanwhile
8) 表解释
In other words,in fact,as a matter of fact,that is,that is to say,namely,
9) 表递进
What is more,in addition,and,also besides,too,moreover,furthermore,as well as,as well,again,additionally,what is worse?
10) 表让步
Although,though,even though,after all,in spite of,even if,
11) 表转折
However,rather then,instead of,but,yet,on the other hand,unfortunately,despite
12) 表原因
For this reason,for,now that,thanks to,as since,owing to,because,because of,due to,
13) 表结果
So,so/such…that,therefore,thus,as a result,accordingly
14) 表总结
On the whole,in conclusion,in a word,to sum up,in brief,in summary,to conclude,to summarize,in short,in general,generally speaking,above all,after all
15) 其他
Mostly,occasionally,naturally,mainly,exactly,commonly,for this purpose,for most of us,in many cases,in this case.
if, whether 引导的名词从句
1 ) yes-no 型疑问从句
从属连词 if, whether 引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的,因此也分别被称为 yes-no 型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句,其功能和 wh- 从句的功能相同, 例如:
主语: Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。
宾语: Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
表语: The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
同位语: They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他们调查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语: She ’ s doubtful whether weshall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。
介词宾语: I worry about whether he canpass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
2 )选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词 if/whether … or 或 whether … or not 构成,例如:
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
I don ’ t care whether you like the plan or not. 我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。